| INFLUENCE OF REPLACEMENT OF CONCENTRATE WITH ENZOSE (CORN DEXTROSE) AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR ON NUTRIENT INTAKE IN NILI-RAVI BUFFALO BULLS
S.Khanum1, M.Nisa2, M.Mushtaq1, M.Sarwer2, M.Hassan1
ABSTRACT
The objective of the study was to examine the influence of replacement of concentrate with EZ and CSL on nutrient intake in ruminally cannulated buffalo bulls fed corncobs based diets. Diets were iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. The control diet (C) was contained 70% corncobs and 30 % concentrate on dry matter basis. Enzose and corn steep liquor replaced 100 % concentrates in respective diets (EZ and CSL) on dry matter basis. In the EZCSL diet, 100% concentrates was replaced by the blend of equal amount of CSL and EZ. Four buffalo bulls of almost same age and weight were fed twice a day at restricted intake (1.5% of their body weight) and at ad libitum intake in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square. Dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber intakes were noticed non-significant in buffalo bulls fed C, EZ, CSL and EZCSL at both restricted and ad libitum intakes. EZ and CSL can safely replace the concentrate portion in corncobs based diets without affecting intake. In conclusion, EZ and CSL can be a good substitute of concentrate in corncobs based diets when fed at maintenance level.
Key words: corn steep liquor, enzose, crude protein, intake, digestion, buffalo
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NEW DIMENSION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS AS ANIMAL FEED
M. A. Tipu1, M. S. Akhtar1, M. I. Anjum2 and M. Latif Raja1
ABSTRACT
The medicinal plants and herbs have been used for many years in the treatment of various diseases in animals and human beings. Now a days utilization of these medicinal plants is coming ahead. These are used in animal feed as the growth promoters. Due to prohibition of most of the antimicrobial growth promoters in animal feed due to their residual effects, plant extracts are becoming more popular. They act as antibacterial, antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antifungal, analgesic, insecticidal, anticoccidial and as growth promoters etc. These plants extracts compete with the synthetic drugs. Majority of medicinal plants do not have the residual effects. Azadirachtica indica, Zizyphus vulgaris, Ocimum gratissimum and Atlanta monophylla have the strong antibacterial activity whereas ocimum plant has strong antioxidant, anticarcinogenic, antifungal, analgesic and antipyretic properties. Leaves of Azadirachta indica are used for feeding and reducing the parasitic load of animals. The fruit of Azadirachta indica also has the anticoccidial activity for poultry.
Key Words: Medicinal plants, animals, antibacterial, growth promoters
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BALED SILAGE TECHNOLOGY; A NEW CONCEPT OF FODDER CONSERVATION
Nasir Ali Tauqir, Fiaz Ahmad, Murtaza Ali Tipu And Muhammad Mushtaq Aziz
Buffalo Research Institute Pattoki, District Kasur. A
BSTRACT
The current study was conducted to ensile various leguminous and non-leguminous fodders in bales and to accomplish their nutritive, economical and in situ evaluation in Nili Ravi buffaloes. Lucerne, Berseem and Oat fodders were chopped with a locally manufactured chopper separately. Dry matter (DM) of each fodder was made 30% by mixing appropriate quantity of wheat straw. Cane molasses was added in each fodder at 2% of fodder DM as a source of soluble carbohydrates. The mixture of fodder, wheat straw and molasses was then pressed at 800 psi pressure in a locally manufactured hydraulic straw baler to make the bales. The bales were then wrapped with polyethylene sheet, tied and sealed with a manual sealer machine to attain anaerobic conditions. After 30 days of fermentation period the bales were opened, pH, lactic acid contents were measured immediately. The silages were also analyzed for proximate and fiber compositions through standard procedures. The pH, lactic acid concentration, DM, crude protein (CP) and fiber fractions of all the fodders were within desirable rage of good quality silage. Ruminal DM and NDF degradability, lag time, rate and extent of digestion of Berseem and its silage were similar. The DM degradability of Lucerne and its silage did also not show any treatment effect while NDF degradability was significantly higher in Lucerne than that of its silage. Dry matter and NDF digestibilities and extent of digestion of oat were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of oat silage. In contrast, DM and NDF lag time of oat was significantly lower than its silage, while the rate of DM and NDF digestion was non-significant between both treatments. The results of the present study have indicated that leguminous and non-leguminous fodders ensiled in bales with 2% molasses have better nutritive value for buffaloes. Hence this technology could be propagated for sustainable performance of livestock. Key words: Baled silage, Lucerne, Berseem, Oat, Chemical Composition, In situ, Digestion kinetics.
top INFLUENCE OF SUBSTITUTION OF CONCENTRATE WITH MOLASSES AND CORN STEEP LIQUOR ON NUTRIENT INTAKE, WEIGHT GAIN AND FEED EFFICIENCY OF BUFFALO CALVES
N.A. Tauqir, F. Ahmad, M. A.Tipu and M. M. Aziz
Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur
ABSTRACT
The objective of the current research trial was to examine the effects of replacement of concentrate with molasses and corn steep liquor on the growth performance of buffalo calves. The null hypothesis was that molasses and corn steep liquor can replace a considerable amount of concentrate without adversely affecting growth of buffalo calves. Thirty two buffalo calves of 12 to 18 month of age and weight (average 150kg) were divided in to 4 groups according to Randomize Complete Block Design (RCBD) for this study. Four iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric experimental diets were formulated. Control diet contained 37% maize fodder, 28% wheat straw and 35% concentrate on dry matter (DM) basis. Other two rations A and B were formulated to replace 42% of concentrate with molasses or CSL on energy equivalent basis. In the fourth diet (C) 42% of concentrate was replaced by molasses and CSL in the ratio of 50:50. The animals were fed individually at ad libitum intakes for 90 days. First 10 days were given for dietary adaptation and 80 days for sample collection. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily and composited for analysis. During last week of the study, a digestibility trial was conducted; acid insoluble ash was used as digestibility marker. The samples of experimental diets, orts and feces were analyzed for DM, crude protein (CP), ash, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) by the standard procedures. Intake of DM was higher (p<0.05) in buffalo calves fed control (5.93 kg/day) followed by B and C (5.65 and 5.59 kg/day) diets than those fed A (5.34 kg/day). However, non-significant differences in nutrient intake were observed in buffalo calves fed B and C diets. Digestible DM and CP intakes were similar in all treatments while NDF intakes were significantly (p<0.05) higher in buffalo calves fed control diet than those fed A, B and C diets. Dry matter and NDF digestibilities were higher (p<0.05) in buffalo calves fed A, B and C diet than those fed control diet (Table 4). However, DM and NDF digestibilities were similar in buffalo calves fed A, B and C diets. Crude protein digestibilities higher in B and C diets followed by A and control diets. Daily weight gain was higher (p<0.05) in buffalo calves fed B and C (770 and 750 g/day) diets than those fed control (620 g/day) and A (560 g/day) diet (Table 5). Daily weight gain remained unaltered statistically between animals fed B and C diets. The improved body weight gain of buffalo calves fed CSL and molasses+CSl diets could be attributed to intake of more digestible nutrients. It is therefore, concluded that CSL and molasses+CSL could successfully replace concentrate portion of the ruminant’s feed thereby reducing cost of production.
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PERFORMANCE OF BUFFALO CALVES REARED ON DIFFERENT PLANS OF NUTRITION WITH VARYING LEVELS OF PROTEIN AND ENERGY
Tauqir, N. A., M. A. Tipu, M. Fayyaz and Mushtaq Aziz
ABSTRACT
The objective of the current study was to explore the protein and energy requirements of young Nili-Ravi buffalo calves and the effect varying levels of protein and energy on their nutrient intake and growth performance. Thirty six young buffalo calves of 6-7 month of age and weight (average 70+8kg) were divided in to 6 groups (six animals in each group) according to 3x2 factorial arrangements of treatments for this study. Six experimental diets were formulated that contained 3 levels of crude protein (CP) each with 2 levels of metabolizable energy (ME). The animals were fed individually at ad libitum intakes for 100 days. First 10 days were given for dietary adaptation and 90 days for sample collection. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily and composited for analysis. During last week of the study, a digestibility trial was conducted; acid insoluble ash was used as digestibility marker. Daily feed consumption (DMI, DMI%body weight, CPI, MEI and ADLI) in calves fed all the experimental diets were similar statistically during the course of study. However, the results of NDFI, ADFI and Digetible DMI were significant (p<0.05) among treatment groups. The intake of DM, CP, NDF, ADF and digestible DM showed significant (p<0.05) difference among treatment means in the current study with respect to protein levels. While, the results of DMI % body weight, CPI, NDFI, ADFI and digestible DMI revealed significant (p<0.05) difference among treatment means with respect to energy levels. Weight gain, daily gain and feed efficiency of buffalo calves did not show any treatment effect. From the results of the study it was concluded that The CP and ME requirement of buffalo calves is lower than that described for cattle in NRC (2001).
Key words: Calf starter, protein energy, nutrient intake, growth, buffalo calves.
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INFLUENCE OF SOLUBLE CARBOHYDRATE SOURCES AND ENSILING PERIODS ON CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, SILAGE CHARACTERISTICS AND IN SITU DIGESTION KINETICS OF JAMBO GRASS SILAGE IN NILI BUFFALO BULLS
Tauqir, N. A., M. A. Tipu, M. Fayyaz and Mushtaq Aziz
ABSTRACT
The present study was designed to establish the impact of soluble carbohydrate sources and ensiling periods on chemical composition, silage characteristics and in situ digestion kinetics of Jambo grass (JG) and its silage (JGS) in Nili buffalo bulls. Jambo grass chopped with a locally manufactured chopper was ensiled using two soluble carbohydrate sources, cane molasses and crushed corn grains each at 2, 4 and 6% of forage DM for 30 and 40 days in laboratory scale silos. The pH, lactic acid concentration, dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and fiber fractions of JGS were not affected by the type or level of additive and fermentation periods. The non-significant trend of pH, lactic acid concentration, and chemical composition of JGS indicated that both molasses and crushed corn were hydrolyzed at similar rate for the growth of lactic acid bacteria and production of organic acids in the laboratory silos. Both molasses and crushed corn grains were equally suitable to provide additional source of soluble carbohydrates to jambo grass for ensilation. Hence, the JG ensiled with molasses at 2% of fodder DM for 30 days was selected for in situ digestion kinetics studies. Ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibilities of JGS were significantly (p<0.05) higher than that of JG. The DM and NDF rate of degradation lag time and extent of degradation was non-significant between JG and JGS. Better digestion kinetics of JG than that of its silage was due to the presence of more easily degradable structural polysaccharides in the JG, which were degraded during ensiling process by lactic acid producing bacteria. The results in the present study have indicated that JG ensiled with either 2% molasses or 2% crushed corn for 30 days has better nutritive value for buffalo.
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Nutritive Value of Jumbo Grass (Sorghum Bicolour Sorghum Sudanefe) Silage in Lactating Nili-Ravi Buffaloes
Tauqir, N. A., M. A. Tipu, M. Fayyaz and Mushtaq Aziz Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur
ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the feeding value of Jambo grass (Sorghum Bicolour Sorghum Sudanefe) silage as a replacement of conventional fodder (Jambo grass; JG) in the diet of lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis). Twenty early lactating Nili Ravi buffaloes, 10 animals in each group, were used in a Completely Randomized Design. Jumbo grass was ensiled with molasses (at 2% of fodder DM) on large scale in bunker silos for 30 days. Two experimental iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic diets were formulated with 75:25% of forage to concentrate ratio on DM basis that contained 75% of JG fodder or silage and 25% concentrate. The buffaloes were fed for 60 days at ad libitum intakes. First 10 days were given for adaptation to new diets and the rest 50 days for sample collection. Daily feed intake and milk yield was recorded for each animal. Milk samples were analyzed for crude protein (CP), fat, solid not fat, total solids and ash. During last week of the study, a digestibility trial was conducted. The acid insoluble ash was used as digestibility marker. Intake of dry matter (DMI), CP, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber was the highest in animals fed control diet than those fed Jambo grass silage (JGS) diet. A significant difference among experimental diets for DMI may be due to the presence of fermentation products in ensiled material that might have depressed the intake in silage based diets. The apparent DM, CP, NDF and ADF digestibilities were non-significantly different between both experimental diets showing a trivial loss of nutrients during silage making. Milk yield (4% FCM) and its composition did not show any treatment effect. The present results indicated that JG ensiled with 2% molasses for 30 days could safely replace the conventional fresh grass fodder in the diet of lactating Nili Ravi Buffaloes without affecting their milk yield. (Key words: Jambo grass, silage, digestibility, milk yield, buffalo).
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NUTRIENTS REQUIREMENT OF GROWING NILI RAVI BUFFALO CALVES AT 12-15 MONTHS OF AGE
Tauqir, N. A., M. A. Tipu, M. Fayyaz and Mushtaq Aziz
Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur
ABSTRACT
The objective of the current study was to investigate protein and energy requirements of Nili-Ravi buffalo calves at 12-15 months of age and the effect varying levels of protein and energy on their nutrient intake and growth performance. Sixty buffalo calves of 12-15 month of age and weight (average 140+8kg) were divided into 12 groups (5 animals in each group) according to 4x3 factorial arrangements of treatments. Twelve experimental rations were formulated containing 4 levels of crude protein (CP; 10.50, 12.20, 13.85 and 15.56%) each with 3 levels of metabolizable energy (ME; 1.72, 2.11 and 2.50 Mcal/kg). The animals were fed individually at ad libitum intakes for 100 days. First 10 days were given for dietary adaptation and 90 days for sample collection. Feed offered and refusals were recorded daily and composited for analysis. During last week of the study, a digestibility trial was conducted; acid insoluble ash was used as digestibility marker. Daily feed consumption (DM, DM%body weight, CP, ME, NDF, ADF, ADL and digestible DM) in calves fed all experimental diets were statistically significant (p<0.05) among all treatment means. The higher intake was observed in diets having CP 12.20 and 13.85% with 2.11 Mcal/kg ME. Weight gain, daily gain and feed efficiency of buffalo calves did not show any treatment effect. It was concluded that CP requirements of buffalo male calves (12-15 months of age) is higher while ME requirement is similar as recommended by NRC (2001) for cattle.
Key word buffalo growing Calves, protein energy, nutrient intake, growth performance and digestibility
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EFFECT OF VARYING LEVELS OF DIETARY PROTEIN ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING NILI-RAVI BUFFALO MALE CALVES
Murtaza Ali Tipu, Riaz Hussain Mirza, Fayyaz Ahmad, Nasir Ali Tauqir And Muhammad Mushtaq Aziz
Nutrition Division, Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur
ABSTRACT
Twenty four Nili-Ravi buffalo male calves of 11-12 months age and weighing 160–200kg were used to investigate the effect of increasing level of crude protein on the growth rate of male buffalo calves. The diets were fed as total mixed rations (TMR). Three concentrate rations viz. A, B and C were formulated. Ration A contained 9.6% CP and 2.470 M Cal /kg ME, ration B contained 12% CP and 2.470 M Cal/Kg ME and ration C contained 14.4% CP and 2.470 M Cal / Kg M.E. The daily feed intake of calves in group A was the highest (7.5 + 0.64 kg), followed by group B (7.0 + 0.8 kg) and group C (6.0 + 0.80 kg). Average daily body weight gain was 0.66 + 0.13, 0.89 + 0.15 and 0.71 + 0.20 kg for groups A, B and C, respectively. The feed conversion ratio were 8.4 + 0.56, 7.5 + 1.13 and 8.0 + 1.0 for calves of groups A, B and C, respectively, The differences in feed intake and daily weight gain among the calves of three groups were significant (P<0.05). However, the differences in feed conversion ratio among calves of three groups was non significant (P>0.05). Considering the cost of feed and average growth, the cost of per kg body weight gain was 54.6, 54.37 and 64 rupees for the groups A, B and C, respectively. These results indicated that protein requirements to growing buffalo male calves were highest for ration containing 12% CP. The data were analyzed by using complete randomized design Key words: Crude protein, Growth rate, Nili Ravi buffalo calves.
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EFFECT OF RALGRO IMPLANTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF NILI RAVI BUFFALO MALE CALVES
M. A. Tipu, M. A. Jabbar*, N. A. Tauqir, F. Ahmad, R. H. Mirza and M. Mushtaq
Buffalo Research Institute, Pattoki District Kasur *University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore
ABSTRACT
Twenty four Nili-Ravi buffalo calves of 11-12 months age weighing 130-160 kg were used in completely randomized design to investigate the effect of Ralgro implants on the growth performance of buffalo calves. Two iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets were formulated containing 12% CP and 2.45 Mcal/ kg Metabolizable Energy (ME). Diets were fed at ad libitum intakes as Total Mixed Ration (TMR). Ralgro was implanted in the calves of group B. All the standard managemental practices were followed for optimum performance of calves. The study was lasted for 120 days with first 15 days as transitional period. Feed intake and refusals were sampled daily. Animals were weighed at the start of study and fortnightly thereafter. Daily feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratios of animals in groups A and B were 5.73+0.93 & 5.71+1.0 Kg, 0.68+0.18 & 0.77+0.21 Kg and 8.5+1.58 & 7.75+1.50, respectively. Although there was positive response of Ralgro in this study but the difference was non-significant statistically. Key Words: Ralgro, feed intake, weight gain, Nili-Ravi buffalo calves |
